Real time Fault tolerant Systems

MOST (Media Oriented Systems Transport) is a high-speed multimedia network technology for the automotive industry. It can be used for applications inside or outside the car. The serial MOST bus uses a daisy-chain topology or ring topology and synchronous serial communication to transport audio, video, voice and data signals via plastic optical fiber (POF) (MOST25, MOST150) or electrical conductor (MOST50, MOST150) physical layers. MOST is a function-oriented communication technology to network a variety of multimedia devices comprising one or more MOST nodes. Each node has a Network Interface Controller (NIC) that provides the necessary network services. The MOST nodes can be audio, video, or data devices, such as radios, navigation systems, displays, cameras, and airbags. The NIC also contains a Function Block (FBlock) that provides the specific functionality of the node. MOST supports three types of channels: Control Channel:  This channel is used for event-oriented transmission...

Aircraft fuel level sensors are used to measure the amount of fuel in an aircraft's fuel tanks. This information is critical for flight safety, as it allows pilots to know how much fuel is available and to make necessary adjustments to the flight plan. There are two main types of aircraft fuel level sensors: Float sensors:  These sensors are typically made of a buoyant material, such as foam, that floats on the surface of the fuel. As the fuel level decreases, the float descends, which changes the position of a contact, which in turn sends a signal to the fuel gauge. Capacitance sensors:  These sensors are made of two electrodes that are placed in the fuel tank. As the fuel level decreases, the distance between the electrodes increases, which changes the capacitance of the sensor. This change in capacitance is then measured and converted into a fuel level reading. Ultrasonic sensors:  These sensors use ultrasonic waves to measure the height of the fuel in the tank. An ult...

  S ome of the most common automotive communication interfaces : Controller Area Network (CAN): CAN is the most widely used automotive communication protocol. It is a high-speed, serial communication protocol that is used to connect electronic control units (ECUs) in a vehicle. CAN is used for a wide variety of applications in vehicles, including engine control, braking, and safety systems. Local Interconnect Network (LIN): LIN is a low-cost, serial communication protocol that is used to connect low-speed ECUs in a vehicle. LIN is often used for applications such as door locks, climate control, and seat adjustment. FlexRay:  FlexRay is a high-speed, serial communication protocol that is used for applications that require high bandwidth, such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and infotainment systems. FlexRay is not as widely used as CAN, but it is gaining popularity as the demand for ADAS and infotainment systems increases. Ethernet : Ethernet is a networking ...

  Failure Pyramid * Pre-condition to Failure * Environmental factors * Design flaws * Incorrect installation * Hidden Failure * Degradation of components * Manufacturing defects * Component Failure * Failure of individual components * Functional Failure * Failure of the system to meet its requirements Pre-condition to Failure The bottom layer of the pyramid is the pre-condition to failure. This is the set of conditions that must be met in order for a failure to occur. These conditions can be environmental factors, design flaws, or incorrect installation. Pre-Condition to Failure is a condition that makes a functional failure more likely. For example, a software bug that is not detected and fixed could lead to a functional failure in the future. Another example, a pre-condition to failure for a software system might be that the system is not properly cooled. If the system is not properly cooled, it may ove...

Failure levels are a way of classifying the severity of a failure. They are typically used in conjunction with availability metrics to help organizations understand the impact of failures on their systems and services. There are many different failure levels that can be used, but some of the most common include: Catastrophic : A catastrophic failure is a failure that results in the complete loss of the system or service. This type of failure is typically very rare, but it can have a significant impact on the organization. Critical : A critical failure is a failure that results in a significant loss of functionality for the system or service. This type of failure can be disruptive to users, but it is typically not as severe as a catastrophic failure. Major : A major failure is a failure that results in a moderate loss of functionality for the system or service. This type of failure can be annoying to users, but it is typically not as disruptive as a critical failure. Minor...